Reference summary — not medical advice or a personal risk estimate.
Combined menopausal hormone therapy
Summary
Estrogen-progestogen menopausal hormone therapy is associated with increased breast and endometrial cancer risk.
Detail
Combined estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy is Group 1 with sufficient evidence for breast and endometrial cancer. Decisions about hormone therapy involve balancing symptom relief against cancer and cardiovascular risks — discuss with a clinician.
Regional relevance
global
Documented in these products
Presence in a product category doesn't imply the product causes cancer. Click each to see the source and context.
Sources
Primary sources
Supporting sources
- ACS — ACS — Known and Probable Human Carcinogens
- Cancer Research UK — Cancer Research UK — Causes of cancer and reducing your risk
- IARC / WHO — European Code Against Cancer — European Code Against Cancer (5th edition) — 14 ways you can help prevent cancer
- NTP — NTP — Report on Carcinogens (US National Toxicology Program)
Consumer references
Third-party tools some readers use alongside primary evidence. Meyron doesn't endorse them; we link them because you'll otherwise hit them anyway.
- California Prop 65 list
State of California's list of chemicals known to cause cancer or reproductive harm.